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If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Introducing Cram Folders! Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. oldfinal.rtf - Psychological Sciences They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. 50 0 obj According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. correct. 47 14 We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. trailer After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. endobj Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . This is an example of which rule of attraction? x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. 5. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). /ImageC One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Festinger, L. (1957). So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. 49 0 obj The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. /Resources 50 0 R What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. (p.47) Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. // adblocker detected What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. KING, B.T. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. A concrete example involves the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s in the United States. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Please sign in to share these flashcards. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). In the . Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. 0000094931 00000 n Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. endobj When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. Festinger and Carlsmith Dissonance Study - YouTube Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who were___________. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. 2. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. A theory of cognitive dissonance. J. abnorm. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. }. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. %PDF-1.5 In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. How do we explain this? Harry's belief is based on. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. 1 _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. 59 0 obj When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. (The secretary had left the office.) The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". Add to folder The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. 0 Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. The participants were 71 male students in totality. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. These are: 1. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. 0000001089 00000 n Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. 2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? 4. If you need instructions for turning off common ad-blocking programs, click here. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. Eddie has made the _________. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." . Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. /Type/Page This is an example of which rule of attraction? An internet resource developed by Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." Description of Study Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. /N 8 In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. That is, in the One Dollar condition they may have rehearsed it more mentally, thought up more ways of saying it, may have said it more convincingly, and so on. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. To achieve consonance, something has to give. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. This is most like which of the following techniques? $K{.-hC ;{l8S Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. The S worked at this task for another half hour. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger & Carlsmith's Study - Explorable The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." & KING, B.T. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. in order to reduce dissonance. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. 2. endstream endobj startxref The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. New York: Harper & Row. 0000000868 00000 n Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. Twenty Dollar condition. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Please select the correct language below. Introducing Cram Folders! The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). How are these 100 people likely to respond? According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. <>stream A theory of cognitive dissonance. xref << Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. anything important? Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. Jonathan Pierce Hildreth Obituary, Patrick Mahomes Yacht Pics, Articles F

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