characteristics of ethiopian agricultureUncategorized

Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. Brighter Green, 6. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Brighter Green, 2. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. 2. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. Agricultural products account for . Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. Abstract and Figures. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about Wubne, Mulatu. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. 1401 Constitution Ave NW Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. 3. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Private . Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Productivity and technology. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Section D. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Cookies on OCLC websites. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. Official websites use .gov This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. Trade. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Title. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Overview. 27 May 2021. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. [7] Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. Section D. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Agriculture. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Pad Foundation Advantages And Disadvantages, Articles C

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