factors that led to the british conquest of nigeriaUncategorized

Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. [11][12], The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day.[13]. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Ouidah (now part of Benin) and Lagos were the major ports on the coast. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. The official languages of Kenya, for example, are English and Kiswahili, while Zimbabwe -- formerly Rhodesia under British colonial rule -- uses English as its only official language. The British encouraged this secession, worsening the war even further. The said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves to protect the said King and Chiefs from the attacks of any neighbouring tribes (Ibid.). [59], Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.[60]. [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. [25][n 1], The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). There were some specific outcomes and impacts for Africans as a result of WWI. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. Village Heads were paid 10 shillings for conscripts, and fined 50 if they failed to supply. Support for broad Nigerian concerns occupied a clear second place. It is not a unitary state with local government areas but with one Central Executive and one Legislature. The NPC was called on to form a government, but the NCNC received six of the ten ministerial posts. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. The protectorate was organised to control and develop trade coming down the Niger. Crowther was succeeded as bishop by a British cleric. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. At first, they lived in small family groups, but gradually these groups developed into a. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. FACTORS THAT LED TO NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA. By demonstrating the heavy reliance on West African soldiers for the 'European' conduct of the Great War campaign in the region, it shows how West Africans helped determine the outcome of war in the region. [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842, Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa, 1914 establishments in the British Empire, 1960 disestablishments in the British Empire, States and territories established in 1914, States and territories disestablished in 1960, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. History of Nigeria - Wikipedia Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. L'indpendance du. In contrast, the British pursued comparatively limited settlement and institutional transformation in the more populous and more politically and economically developed preco-lonial areas. By 18261850, the British Royal Navy was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports. British Colonize Nigeria Essay - 979 Words | Bartleby An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. What Were the Effects of the British Taking Over Africa? - The Classroom Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Lord Lugard recorded a huge success mainly because he used the highly developed traditional system of administration that was already in existence in the Northern Nigeria. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. Recovery came quickly and improvements in port facilities and the transportation infrastructure during World War I furthered economic development. Developed from Mayan civilization B. acquired empires by means of military conquest C. Independently developed iron technology D. Depended entirely on oral record keeping . factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Nigeria - Nigeria as a colony | Britannica David Richardson, "Background to annexation: Anglo-African credit relations in the Bight of Biafra, 17001891"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. European Conquest and Colonization of Africa - 1504 Words | Critical Although the capital was not moved, Lugard's bias in favour of the Muslim north was clear at the time. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. Earlier elements related to this were its founding of the Sierra Leone Colony in 1787 as a refuge for freed slaves, the independent missionary movement intended to bring Christianity to the Edo Kingdom, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. They later discovered that the demand for palm oil was in fact stimulating an internal slave trade, because slaves were largely responsible for collecting palm fruits, manufacturing palm oil, and transporting it to the coast, whether by canoe or by human porterage. Some of them began to migrate back from Sierra Leone in search of home and trade. Resistance was strong in western Igboland, where a series of wars were waged against the British. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyage Database, 308,800 were sold across the Atlantic from Lagos in 17761850. They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.[26]. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. Crowther, a liberated Yoruba slave, had been educated in Sierra Leone and in Britain, where he was ordained before returning to his homeland with the first group of CMS missionaries. [76], The British treasury initially supported the landlocked Northern Nigeria Protectorate with grants, totalling 250,000 or more each year. THE FULANI CONQUEST AND RULE OF THE HAUSA KINGDOM 235 from 1804, the date of the Hegira. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1719. by How Africa 6 years ago. Some African Christian communities formed their own independent churches. One of the most influential monarchies in the history of England began in 1066 C.E. The British wanted products like palm oil and palm kernel and export trade in tin, cotton, cocoa, groundnuts, palm oil and so on (Graham, 2009). One of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria was the use of the existing traditional system of administration. In the South, only English had official status. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. The Nigeria Regiment of the RWAFF, integrating troops from the north and south, saw action against German colonial forces in Cameroon and in German East Africa. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. [] They needed special personnel: such officials who knew the local conditions and who could communicate between the Company and the indigenous people. . In a sense, you can say that the British were the cause of the Biafran Civil War which happened in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970. 1839 - The Opium Wars between China and Britain, resulting from the trade of opium leading to widespread addictions. In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". 4 Pages. By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. Lagos was the first part of Nigeria to be conquered and declare a British colony in 1861. Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were better established and more populous than those of the Americas, thus creating a more formidable barrier to European expansion. Imperialism and the Conquest and Colonization of Africa by Europeans After the defection of Kano, the only significant disagreement within the NPC was related to moderates. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News. The British also created "divide and rule" policies, pitting Hindu and Muslim Indians against one another. One of the most effective tactics, the British used to take over most of India. The nationalism that became a political factor in Nigeria during the interwar period derived both from an older political particularism and broad pan-Africanism, rather than from any sense among the people of a common Nigerian nationality. It was colonized by the British in 1884 and the colony is established at the Berlin conference which divides Africa by European powers. The British and the French fought the Carnatic Wars, which the British won decisively - making the British the foremost colonial power. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. [42], The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. [21], Whether British conquest of Nigeria resulted from a benevolent motive to end slavery or more instrumental motives of wealth and power, remains a topic of dispute between African and European historians. But by providing for comparable regional governments exercising broad legislative powers, which could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives, the Macpherson Constitution also gave a significant boost to regionalism. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. 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