the following describe internal states of symptoms exceptUncategorized

Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Not able to pass stool or gas. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Add a comment. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Diarrhea. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Abnormal Motor Behavior. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. B) the cause of the problem. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. . This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Complications. Feeling tired. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. 23. Delusions. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Loss of appetite. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. 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